UC design could revolutionize power plants

University of Cincinnati researchers say they have found a solution to one of the biggest environmental problems facing the energy industry: water consumption.

Power plants in the United States need as much water each year as all of the nation’s farms combined – an estimated 133 billion gallons per day, according to federal numbers. This poses an enormous strain on water resources and has a detrimental environmental impact.

But Raj Manglik and Milind A. Jog, professors of mechanical engineering in UC’s College of Engineering and Applied Science, say they have developed a new air-cooling system for power plants that uses no water but is nearly as effective as water-cooled systems.

“At some point this will be a water crisis – and it will be rather soon,” Manglik said. “That was the primary motivation. Can we make air cooling significantly more viable so that companies would adopt it regardless?”

The project was funded by a $3.4 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy. It demonstrates the impact the university's commitment to research is having in the world as part of UC's strategic direction called Next Lives Here.

Most power plants in the United States are built alongside bodies of water to meet the demands of their cooling systems. Some water is lost through evaporation in cooling towers. In other cases, warmer water is pumped back into lakes, rivers or bays, which can raise the ambient temperature, killing fish and other aquatic organisms and creating toxic algae blooms. Scientists call this “thermal pollution.”

“The water around power plants can be significantly warmer than the rest of a river or lake,” Manglik said. “This adversely impacts fish and plants and destroys the ecosystem.”

The two researchers used their backgrounds in experimental heat transfer, computational modeling and fluid dynamics to design a better air-cooled condenser for power plants. Like the radiator of a car, the condenser has a meshwork of metal fins specially designed by UC’s researchers to draw heat away in the circulated air.

Shedding more heat increases the efficiency of the power plants, which means they can produce more electricity. And since the cooling system is more effective, it doesn’t have to be as big and costly to build, they said. Laboratory scale tests suggested the researchers’ system can reduce the cooling temperature from today’s 140 degrees to as low as 115 degrees.

UC doctoral students Kuan-Ting Lin and Dantong Shi tested a small prototype in an engineering lab. Now UC is partnering with Taneytown, Md., company Evapco on a largescale prototype test of the design at the company’s labs.

But UC’s engineers didn’t stop with condenser fins. They also are working on a solution to one of the energy industry’s biggest conundrums. In the summer, electricity demand typically peaks during the hottest part of the day when a plant’s cooling systems are least efficient.

Jog and Manglik are developing a better system to pre-cool the circulated air using a heat sink that captures cooler temperatures at night.

“The second part we’re developing is an air pre-cooler coupled with thermal energy storage,” Jog said. “So at night when the temperatures are low, the system ‘stores’ the cold. And that is used during the peak times to cool the air before it goes to the condenser.”

UC’s researchers also are working with Babcock and Wilcox, in Lancaster, Ohio, which in 2016 acquired the Italian company SPIG specializing in power plant cooling systems.

Featured illustration at top: Margaret Weiner/UC Creative Services. Featured video/Margaret Weiner, Benjamin Gardner and Andrew Higley/UC Creative Services